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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00022_Field_frep09.txt
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1996-12-30
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In this sequence of events
constituting an impulse, in
which pores open, ions cross,
and the membrane potential
changes and changes back, the
number of ions that actually
cross the membrane--sodium
entering and potassium
leaving--is miniscule, not
nearly enough to produce a
measurable change in the
concentrations of ions inside
or outside the cell. In several
minutes a nerve might fire a
thousand times, however, and
that might be enough to change
the concentrations, were it not
that the pump is meanwhile
continually ejecting sodium
and bringing in potassium so as
to keep the concentrations at
their proper resting levels. The
reason that during an impulse
such small charge transfers
result in such large potential
swings is a simple matter of
electricity: the capacitance of
the membrane is low, and
potential is equal to charge
transferred divided by
capacitance.
A depolarization of the
membrane--making it less
positive-outside than it is at
rest--is what starts up the
impulse in the first place. If,
for example, we suddenly insert
some sodium ions into the
resting fiber, causing a small
initial depolarization, a few
sodium pores open as a
consequence of that
depolarization but because
many potassium pores are
already open, enough potassium
can flow out to compensate and
quickly restore the membrane
to its resting state. But suppose
that the initial charge transfer
is so large, and so many sodium
pores open, that more charge is
brought in by sodium than can
be removed by potassium: the
membrane will then depolarize
still further. This will cause
even more sodium pores to
open, and still more
depolarization, and so on, in a
regenerative, explosive
process. When all the sodium
pores have opened that can
open, the membrane potential
is reversed in sign, relative to
the resting potential: instead of
being 70 millivolts, positive
outside, it becomes 40
millivolts, negative outside.
The reduction in potential
across the membrane, with
ultimate reversal of potential,
doesn't take place all at once
along the fiber's length,
because transfer of charge
requires time. It starts in one
place and spreads along the
fiber at a rate of 0.1 to 10 or so
meters per second. At any
instant there will be one active
region of charge reversal,
perhaps several inches long,
and this reversal will be
traveling away from the cell
body, with still unopened
channels ahead of it and
reclosed channels, temporarily
incapable of reopening, behind.
This event constitutes the
impulse. You can see that the
impulse is not at all like the
current in a copper wire. No
electricity or ions or anything
tangible travels along the
nerve, just as nothing travels
from handle to point when a
pair of scissors closes. (Ions do
flow in and out, just as the
blades of the scissors move up
and down.) It is the event, the
intersection of the blades of the
scissors or the impulse in the
nerve, that travels.
Because it takes some time
before sodium channels are
ready for another opening and
closing, the highest rate at
which a cell or axon can fire
impulses is about 800 per
second. Such high rates are
unusual, and the rate of firing
of a very active nerve fiber is
usually more like 100 or 200
impulses per second.